History and Misinterpretations of Islam - 2740 Words

Islam is a widespread religion that is represented in over fifty-seven countries around the world. Muslims primarily originated from the Middle East with great populations in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. This dominant religion around the globe makes up the second largest religion behind Christianity. Much of this prevalence is due to the diversity of Islamic practices under Sunni and Shii, which vary in different parts of the world. Just as Judaism and Christianity, Islamic religion also has many common aspects in which they worship only one God who they believe is the creator of the universe, their almighty provider, and powerful leader. They believe that God created a heaven and hell to which Muslims will depart to when the world is destroyed on the Day of Judgment. The holy text of Islamic religion is the Quran, which keeps record of the revelations that God sent to his people through the prophets, the angel Gabriel, and Muhammad. Islam is not a new religion. Muslims believe in prophets from the Bible such as Noah, Abraham, Moses, John the Baptist, as well as Jesus. It establishes the same focus of living a life abundantly according to God’s will. Muslims however, believe that Muhammad was the last revelation sent by God to be an ideal model among the Muslims so that they may learn to steer away from temptations and be led back to their one true God. Muhammad was a well respected messenger of God and announced the message of how Muslims shouldShow MoreRelatedIslamic Extremism And Religious Extremism1655 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, there have been those who take a literalist point of view, interpreting texts and edicts at face value, and acting upon such statements with a very low degree of understanding. This has resulted in what is currently known as â€Å"extremism†, and has unfortunately become very prevalent in the world today. This can be seen through the many political and religious groups that misinterpret information and act off of their own beliefs in an attempt to practise a more radicalised versionRead MoreDoes Religion Cause Wars?1258 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand that religion is just a small factor amongst the many contributing to the cause of wars. In fact, religion is merely a tool and an excuse used to hide the need for power and sins of the human nature. Among these factors, it may be the misinterpretation of religious teachings and the differing ideals of many individuals. Unfortunately, these factors are often overlooked as most people view this issue with a simplistic mindset. The idea of religion is often able to bring peace and harmonyRead MoreThe Islamic View On Self Harm And Suicide Attacks1298 Words   |  6 Pagesworld that is more misinterpreted than that of Islam and its views on terrorism and violence. If suicide and self harm are forbidden in Islam, why do Islamic terrorists conduct and take part in suicide bombings? Fighting in a war in a way is suicide because the fighter knows that he or she may be killed. If suicide and self harm are sins in Islam, why are jihad and war not sins? There are many approaches that can be taken to clarify these misinterpretations and controversial questions, one of them beingRead MoreContemporary Issue in Eastern Religions1627 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through Gabriel. Islam is not a new religion, but the same truth that God revealed through all His prophets to every people. For a fifth of the world s population, Islam is both a religion and a complete way of life. Muslims follow a religion of peace, mercy, and forgiveness, and the majority have nothing to do with the extremely grave events which have come to be associated with their faith. Islam has common characteristics with other religions. MuslimsRead MoreInspire, The, And Inspire The Believers Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagesaggression against Islam.† He praises the 9/11 attacks as â€Å"the blessed 9/11 attacks,† and calls on Muslims in the West to join in jihad â€Å"in the cause of the events of 9/11.† He asserts that the â€Å"Mujahidin took an oath to defend the honor of the Prophet Muhammad,† siting the Charlie Hebdo attacks as retaliation. This outlook is repeated in â€Å"Statement: Vengeance for the Prophet,† by Nasr Al-Anisi. An article called â€Å"Blacks in America† by Abu Abdillà ¢h Almorà ¢vid provides a history of the racism andRead MoreAnti Islam Sentiments On American Culture Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThough there is a seemingly massive amount of people who have just now come out with anti-Islam sentiments, it is clear that this is not really the case. Citing the radical policy suggestions and bans suggested by Donald Trump, there is also reference to American history and how the citizens of America are, unlike Europe and Asia, products of immigrants who chose to come to America (aside from slaves and Native Americans). Citing journalist Rose Wilder Lane in 1936, they take her quote that saysRead MoreThe Salman Rushdie Case: An Islamic View1839 Words   |  7 PagesKhalid Zaheer is a fervent critic of liberal and religious extremism, and firmly believes that Islam provides a remedy for this plague by preaching an ideology of a pluralistic society that espouses of peace, harmony and egalitarianism. His article, â€Å"The Salman Rushdie Case: An Islamic View† was posted on his official website in July 2007 and is aimed at addressing the resentment against Salman Rushdie’s controversial book â€Å"The Satanic Verses† in the Muslim community. Muslims accused Rushdie of apostasyRead MoreCultural Awareness : A Heart And Mind `` Phrase Was Used By British General Gerald Templer975 Words   |  4 PagesMisinterpretation, lack of knowledge, and several other reasons cultural awareness has been an Achilles heel for United States military in conflict over many decades. A â€Å"Heart and Mind† phrase was use by British General Gerald Templer in February 1952. This was the first time the phrase used in the context of counter-insurgency warfare. Emotional and intellectual appeals to sway supporter to prevail not by the use of superior force but through use of cultural awareness going into a conflict isRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns Report1 455 Words   |  6 Pageswomen like this would make one wonder why this type of behavior is accepted in the Middle East. Some would point the finger at the Islam religion, as â€Å"99% of Afghans are considered to be Muslim† (Kolhatkar 173). Many misconceptions are made on the Islam religion because of the treatment of women in Afghanistan, but really the religion is not to blame. Nowhere in the Islam sacred writings does it promote placing women on a lower social status. Muslim men who have misled Afghans into believing thisRead MoreJihad : The World Is Mindful Of The Term `` Jihad ``1407 Words   |  6 Pagesthe term â€Å"Jihad†. The term has been coined and implemented negatively by the extremists in the name of Islam resulting in a shaken misbalance in the Islamic as well as in the rest of the world. In the light of recent events, the Arabic word â€Å"Jihad† has gained vital attention. The reason I chose this word is to make a little effort providing true and basic insight of jihad as described in Islam. Most people are aware of this term, use and criticize it, without even looking into the context of the

School Uniforms And The Constitution - 746 Words

Argumentative Essay: School Uniforms and the Constitution HOMETOPICAPPEALSREFUTATIONSOURCE ESSAY School Uniforms School uniforms are becoming a popular trend amongst schools. Students and even most parents don’t agree with the enforcement with school uniforms; stating that uniforms take away the right of self-expression. School uniforms are not a negative thing to have. Yes, uniforms limit what the students have to choose to wear to school every day, but it doesn’t limit them from learning; the only reason they are in school. Student treat school as a fashion show, so eliminating that puts the students’ full focus on schoolwork. Although requiring students to wear school uniforms may violate their self-expression in some ways, a uniform are supposed to be looked upon as a positive thing, because they eliminate bullying, combine social classes and gives the school campus a professional look. The most common argument against school uniforms is that they take away the students right to self- expression. Yes, school uniforms limit what the students have to wear, but he/she can still have their own ways of self-expression. Students can still express their style of choice by the way he/she styles their hair and what accessories they choose to wear. Their shoe choice is also a form of self-expression. Students can make the uniforms their own style withoutShow MoreRelatedSchool Uniform Is Not A Public School Tradition Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesSchool uniform has been a rising issues throughout the country and the issue has been getting only bigger with the internet and social medial. School uniform was not a public school tradition but it was first famous among English charity schools in England. It was a blue coat like the one worn at christ’s hospital and it is known to be one of the earliest examples of school uniforms. They took â€Å"fatherless and poor children from the parish and educated them(Scott). After a while it became aRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Effects Of Uniforms1316 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Effects Uniforms have on Students In a society that is so fixed on obeying the laws of the constitution, one situation remains untouched. By the school systems making children wear a certain outfit in order to fit in with their peers, they are putting stress on each one of their individual rights. There is no proof rather uniforms work or not, but from my research I can conclude that it is in the schools best interest to not have uniforms. Forcing kids to wear uniforms is not just wrongRead MoreSchool Uniforms Persuasive Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pagesmany schools around the world enforce uniforms, requiring students to wear specific clothing. School uniforms, which was first established in 16th century England, are a topic of much debate in the public school system of the United States. Many people feel that uniforms reduce competition among students and bring a sense of unity in school. People who are against school uniforms think that they prevent students from expressing themselves and inhibits creativity. Man y students dislike school uniformsRead MoreEssay on School Uniforms1047 Words   |  5 PagesSchool Uniforms The issue of whether or not school uniforms are a necessity in today’s society has been a long standing debate. However, it did not come onto the national scene until 1996 when then President Bill Clinton spoke of the matter in his annual State of the Union Address. Citing the Long Beach city school district in California, Clinton spoke of the positive effects of uniform implementation, including: decreased drug cases, sex offenses, violent crimes and fights. Jessica PortnerRead MoreAdvantages Of School Uniforms1095 Words   |  5 PagesSchool Uniforms: The Drawbacks A young female student tears an envelope open and skims through it. The note told that the town was going to vote on whether school uniforms should be issued or not in schools. Then, she swiftly darts for her parent’s bedroom, swerving through her four siblings in the process, to alert her mother and father of the newly received letter. She worried if the town agreed to add in school uniforms, for her parents could not afford five school uniforms. Her family was onRead MorePersuasive Speech On School Dress Code1316 Words   |  6 Pageswhat our first amendment speaks about. The freedom of speech and expression. Schools have been violating this law in the place of school dress codes. There should not be a dress code in school because it violates the first amendment, they do not support creativity and they are expensive. Dress codes violate the first amendment. Students should have the ability to express themselves as it is their right to do so, but schools are prohibiting them from being able to express themselves. In the articleRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1671 Words   |  7 Pages Hari Mainali South University School Uniform â€Æ' Abstract Freedom of dress is violated by restricting on school uniform. A school and university have their own dress code which does not require a particular dress. Some researcher and scholar suggest misbehavior in the student are the result of banning uniform. But misbehavior is what they acquired in their life. Banning uniform, student can exercise their right to express themselves freely. Student will be able to focus on education and saveRead MorePros And Cons Of School Uniforms712 Words   |  3 PagesAn epidemic among many schools around the United States and around the world is one huge thing. This epidemic among schools is the fact that students have to wear uniforms for their schools. However, some parents and students may disagree with wearing these uniforms. I am one who supports the statement that students should not wear these uniforms for their schools. The next paragraphs will explain the pros and cons of not wearing and wearing school uniforms. I personally think that students shouldn’tRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of School Uniforms791 Words   |  4 Pageshave the school uniform policy (research conducted in 2017). This means that one-fifth of the country’s students who are in school are not allowed to wear their own clothes. The statistics indicate that a majority of the United States disapprove of school uniforms since the percentage remains low. The topic about school uniforms has created two sides of the issue. Some believe that students should wear school uniforms to provide an equal learning environment. Those who oppose school uniforms believeRead MoreSchool Uniforms are a Terrible Idea984 Words   |  4 PagesRefutation essay- â€Å"school uniforms are a terrible idea† The essay school uniforms are a terrible idea states that. School uniforms fail to achieve the goals for which a school uniform was established suck as to save students money to, to prevent violence, and create a more organized school environment. The essay also states the uniforms restrict student’s freedom of expression. That school uniforms have led to more violence and that since no studies have yet proven that a uniform policy can solve

Into the Wild/as You Like It Free Essays

Texts may show us that a sense of belonging can emerge from connections made with people, places and the larger world. To what extent do the texts you have studied support this idea? ‘Happiness is only real if shared’. This insightful quote from Sean Penn’s 2007 film Into the Wild shows that any sense of belonging must arise through connection we make with others and the wider world. We will write a custom essay sample on Into the Wild/as You Like It or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shakespeare’s play As You Like It also demonstrates this, and shows that belonging is a natural instinct and one fundamental to a meaningful life. The setting of As You Like It plays a crucial role in shaping the idea of belonging in the play. Like the typical pastoral, the beginning of the play is set in court, a place established as a hub of corruption and political tension. Orlando’s house is described as a ‘butchery’ as his brother plots to kill him, ‘[Rosalind] is banish’d’, and Duke Senior calls courtly life ‘painted pomp’. The combination of images suggests estrangement and not belonging. By contrast, Arden is a free, untainted setting where characters are able to develop relationships without conforming to rigid social constraints. Also, the transition from the high density of formal verse in the opening scenes to the more frequent use of prose, signifying acceptance and familiarity, towards the end reinforces this transition from tension and not belonging to unity. This harmonious ending is epitomized in the final scene in which ‘these eight†¦take hands’. That the characters do form relationships there in which they belong is a clear indication that belonging is an innate part of the human condition. In essence, through the natural setting of the play, Shakespeare emphasises that belonging is a natural state of humanity. Similarly, Into the Wild contains pastoral elements that contribute to belonging in the film. Like the ‘painted pomp’ of the court in As You Like It, Penn portrays society as ‘oppressive’, employing dark metaphors of warfare to reinforce this; fence-posts are ‘black sword-tips’ and red tiles ‘hardened blood’. The dinner scene is muted, with the use of shaky hand-held camera emphasizing the tension and estrangement. By contrast, the wilderness acts as a catalyst for belonging in which he realizes the significance of onnections with people to happiness. All scenes of him in the wild are shot in rich natural light, as opposed to the exaggerated florescent lighting used in the civilized scenes. This contrast in lighting suggests that both Arden and the wild are places of healing where characters learn about the nature of belonging and the importance of connections. As You Like It shows that belonging can arise through connections with o thers. There are many ways to be accepted and Shakespeare reflects this in his use of diverse characters. Rosalind takes a more sensible, realistic approach than Orlando, stating that ‘men have died from time to time†¦but not for love’. Orlando is much more the petrachan lover, vowing to ‘live and die’ her slave. Celia and Oliver’s relationship is a more spontaneous connection, ‘whoever loved that loved not at first sight? ’ whereas Touchstone and Audrey simply see marriage as a natural part of life ‘as the ox has his bow, so wedlock does come nibbling’. The contrast between these couples combined with the comedic ending shows that belonging can arise through variety of relationships and connections. The Rainbow Fish similarly demonstrates that belonging can arise from a variety of relationships. The fish depicted in the book are of different shapes and sizes, and are even joined intermittently by other creatures; a starfish, an octopus, a shark, suggesting implying a diversity of connections that can lead to belonging. Also, the Rainbow fish’s scales are a combination of all the colours of the other monochromatic fish. Through this Pfiser is implying that we have something in common with everyone, and so connections with others are not limited to a certain type. The correlation between connections with people and belonging is perhaps seen most clearly in As You like It through the contrast between Rosalind and Jacques, the brooding melancholic. Shakespeare juxtaposes the two characters to make the point that belonging arises primarily from connections. Where Rosalind has many friends such as her ‘dear coz’ Celia, Orlando and Touchstone, Jacques is alone and friendless, reveling in his melancholy which he ‘loves better than laughing’. He chooses not to belong, symbolized in his refusal to partake in the final dance, despite being beseeched by the Duke to ‘stay, Jacques, stay! ’ Where Jacques rejects connections in favor of ‘matter to be heard and learned’, Rosalind embraces them, and as a result is the happier, more fulfilled character. Shakespeare’s use of contrast clearly shows that belonging, and hence happiness, is an intrapersonal phenomenon. In many ways, Chris of Into The Wild mirrors Jacques. He refuses to belong, striving after Platonic ideals similarly to how Jacques seeks learning. He explicitly says that ‘rather than love†¦give me truth’, paralleling Jacques preference for knowledge over belonging. Unlike Jacques however, he regrets his decisions towards the end, seen through the director’s use of the diary to convey his thoughts. In an extreme close up, he writes ‘lonely’ slowly and deliberately, and underlines it to highlight the intensity of his feeling of isolation. The music is sad and haunting, emphasizing his regret over his alienation. Further to this, the final scene consists of a series of rapid flashbacks depicting characters with which he formed relationships. The voiceover is in second person ‘what if I were smiling and running you’re your arms? ’, with the use of the conditional tense highlighting his regret at his rejection of connections. This use of voice over combined with positive cumulative images ending in a still shot of Chris, suggests that our sense of belonging is important to both happiness and a sense of self. Like Chris, the Rainbow Fish ultimately realizes the value of belonging. Initially he was a character like Jacques; when offered by the others to ‘come join in’ he would glide past, ‘proud and silent’. However, in the end he chooses to share his ‘shimmering scales’, a recurring motif symbolizing love and friendship. This transition from isolation to belonging is further emphasised by the positioning of the fish in the book. On the first page, he is depicted alone in the centre, with his back to the other fish. As he learns to belong, he begins to turn towards others, eventually ending face to face as he gives away the first scale. His change of attitude is also reflected in the shift in colour scheme, from cooler hues of blue to warmer purples. This suggests happiness and love, again implying that a sense of belonging is vital to happiness. Both As You Like It and Into the Wild show that belonging may, and does, arise out of the connections we make with other people. These connections are a natural part of the human condition and can take many shapes and forms, but they are essential to happiness as it is a shared phenomenon. How to cite Into the Wild/as You Like It, Papers

Food Nutrition Dietary Reference Intake

Question: Discuss about the Food Nutritionfor Dietary Reference Intake. Answer: The Canadas Food Intake and dietary Reference Intake (DRI) agree with each other according to the Diet Analysis Plus. According to the Canadas Food Intake should have sufficient amount of carbohydrate, protein and fat whereas the Dietary Reference Intake suggests that the protein contain should be 2.-35%, the carbohydrate contents should be 45-65% and the fat contents should be 10-20% (Lease et al. 25). DRI also suggests the same percentage of macronutrients (Johnson, Steven). DRI also suggests the RDI (Recommended Dietary Allowance) of the micronutrients (Volpi et al. 679). Strength and weakness of Canadas Food Intake and DRI Strength and weakness of Canadas Food Intake- the strength of this food guide is that the food guide provides an idea of balanced diet chart. However, the weakness is that the food guide does not provide the exact amounts of calories. One can eat according to the Canadas Food Intake guide but he or she needs the guidance of physician and nutritionist to know the proper amount of consumption. Strength and weakness of DRI- the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommends mainly the intake of micronutrients like iron, foliate, riboflavin, magnesium, thiamine and retinol. However, the description of macronutrients is not specified properly. However, the DRI chart is made on the basis of different age group, physical activities and sex. The modified diet chart must include proper amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, sodium, saturated fat, vitamins and other minerals. Per 60 gm of serving must include 870 kj energy, 9% of protein, 1% of ft, 1% of saturated fat, 9% of carbohydrates, 11% sugars and 5% of sodium (Bolzetta et al. 1795). References Bolzetta, Francesco, et al. "Are the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Vitamins Appropriate for Elderly People?."Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics115.11 (2015): 1789-1797. Lease, Haidee, et al. "A Sensory-Diet database: A tool to characterise the sensory qualities of diets."Food Quality and Preference49 (2016): 20-32. Volpi, Elena, et al. "Is the optimal level of protein intake for older adults greater than the recommended dietary allowance?."The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences68.6 (2013): 677-681.

Balkan War essays

Balkan War essays Genocide marked history in the wake of the 1990s, and in the aftermath of the Cold War it affected a dim place that was dubbed by history as the Òpowder kegÓ of Eastern Europe The destruction of Yugoslavia came deep within its core, the cancer that had slowly eaten its way to the top was put there centuries ago. The violence surfaced when Independence movemen ts in former Yugoslavia caused conflicts between ethnic groups of Serb, Bosnian and Croat forces, reaching its climax in the summer of 1991. ÒAlthough Yugoslavia was no stranger to ethnic hate and genocide, what occurred in the summer of 1991 was the largest and most gruesome occurrence of mass murder since World War 2.Ó (Ricciuti, 1993) The term Òethnic cleansingÓ had emerged in the world at the height of the troubles in former Yugoslavia. The ÒcleansingÓ consisted of mass termination of people based on age, sex and religion. The roots of turmoil between the ethnic groups can be traced back to centuries old conflicts over power and territory among the several small nations that had ma de up the former republic. But could the personal interests of former leaders of those areas have caused this war? What about religion? ÒPerhapsÒ, is the answer of many who have documented the war. While politicians argued over the ownership rights of each territory within Yugoslavia, masses of bodies were piling up. ÒBy summer of 1992, at least 10,000 people were killed, by the end of the war estima tes were up to more than 50,000. Thousands of others were wounded, and over 2 million others became refugees.Ó (Ricciuti, 1993) After the body count, many were not convinced that politics and religion had much to do with the hate that was bottled up inside the groups involved. It was much deeper than that, and it seems as though everyone had someone or something to avenge. The motivational goals of corrupt and greedy politicians were only the tip of the iceberg. It is cl...

How to Write a Powerful Case Study That Converts With 50 Examples

How to Write a Powerful Case Study That Converts With 50 Examples Case studies are effective tools for converting leads into customers. They help establish your brand as a topical authority, demonstrate how your product solved a real problem for a customer, and help leads see how they could experience similar success with your services. What makes this such an effective content format? Consider the following points: They directly position your product as the best solution. Theres a lot of debate around whether or not content should directly sell products. In this case, the answer is yes. Your claims are backed up by real results. Who can argue with data from a real-life scenario? Not everyone is creating them. While blog posts are a dime a dozen, an effective customer story is much harder to duplicate. However, they take time and effort to put together. Fortunately, you can streamline the entire process with this post. It includes: Everything you need to know about doing effective research. A simple 7-step process for creating case studies from start to finish.   Tons of examples for inspiration and templates to save you time. Plus, like every type of content or marketing project out there, you can manage the entire workflow on one platform with . Table of Contents: Case Study Templates What is a Case Study? 50 Case Study Examples What Does a Case Study Look Like? Formatting 7 Steps to Writing a Case Study Step 1: Finding a Customer to Be Your Subject Step 2: Getting Their Permission Step 3: Creaing an Introductory Questionnaire Step 4: Format Your Case Study Interview Questions Step 5: Schedule the Interview Step 6: Write Your Case Study Step 7: Promoting Your Case StudyCreate Great Marketing Case Studies With Four Free Templates This can be a time-consuming process. So, grab this free template bundle to streamline your workflow. Here is everything it includes: Three Case Study Templates (Word): Use this Word template to create a case study youll either print or make available via PDF. Weve included three copies in green, red, and blue header colors. Three PowerPoint Templates: If you would prefer to create a slide deck or presentation, use this PowerPoint template. Its also available in three different color schemes. Case Study Template (Web): Use this template to write your case study content as a web page. How to Write a Powerful Case Study Fast With 50 Examples What Is A Case Study? According to Top Rank Blog, a case study is: â€Å"An analysis of a project, campaign or company that identifies a situation, recommended solutions, implementation actions and identification of those factors that contributed to failure or success.† Here's a case study video example from a brand you might even be drinking right now (if we had to guess, we'd say marketers love their Starbucks):50 Marketing Case Study Examples to Inspire Your Own If you’re looking for an example or two, check out this list of different marketing case studies. Patagonia - Patagonia Case Study American National - American National Case Study Garnier Music - Garnier Music Case Study CS2 Compliance - How CS2 Is Succeeding With Curata Mountain Equipment Co-Op - For Every $1 Spent, MEC Made $17 Cirque du Soleil - Evolving to Inspire a New Audience Roberts and Durkee - Case Study: How One Company's Thought-Leadership Content Is Driving New Business, Exposure Marvel Origins - â€Å"Marvel Origins† Campaign Case Study Instagram -  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Most Instagrammed Locations† Case Study Dell - Dell Nurture: Utilizing automation to create personalized customer experiences Adobe - Adobe raises brand awareness and captures the attention of hard-to-reach marketers with LinkedIn Sponsored Content Callaway Golf - Callaway Golf raises brand awareness with â€Å"Hit the Links† campaign on LinkedIn Groupon - For effective video ads, look beyond demographics to behavior and context Lime-a-Rita - 3 tips for making effective, hyper-relevant video ads at scale Clinique - Clinique Case Study Budweiser - Budweiser Influencer Marketing Case Study L’Oreal - Case Analysis: L'Oreal Paris Lyft - How using brand ads in unexpected ways drove higher installs for Lyft Neutrogena - Mobile case study: Neutrogena sun activated advertising Ryver - B2B Marketing: How team communication product Ryver started a Twitter war with Slack fans to drive a 20% increase in users Continental Office - B2B Marketing: Continental Office’s customer-first brand and website redesign increased traffic 103% Weebly - How Weebly Saved â€Å"a Million† Hours on Content Production and Achieved a 3X ROI Fender Musical Instruments - Fender Musical Instruments | American Standard Case Study Real Madrid FC - Connecting with 500 million passionate fans worldwide nPower -NPower Uses Priority-Based Scheduling to Set Clear Expectations George Institute - https://www.georgeinstitute.org/our-impact/case-study-how-a-lifesaving-sms-program-won-the-google-impact-challenge Intel - How Intel Used SimpleReach's Innovative Distribution Platform to Drive More Content Marketing Efficiencies Bitly - How One Ecommerce Brand Solved The OmniChannel Challenge With Bit.ly Campaigns Levi’s - Reclaiming the identity of a brand: A Levi's case study Fab - Fab Uses A/B Test to Improve Customer Shopping Experience - Discover How This Remote Team Saves 10+ Hours a Month on Content Marketing Ahrefs - How to Get High-Quality Backlinks With the TRUST Formula [Case Study] Sony - Leading the Digital Revolution Through Innovation Stanford - The Xbox Launch in Korea Oracle - ModCloth Speaks to Consumer Moods and Moments With Oracle Marketing Cloud Microsoft - Seattle Seahawks Play to Win With Smart Data and Intelligent Insights Canonical - Fing Snaps Up 30,000 Customers With a Secure, Future-Proof IoT Device Vox - How Vox.com Approaches Publishing on Facebook Amazon - AWS Case Study: Suncorp Atlassian - Delivering Technology-And Great Pizza-Faster TED - Target Case Study Apple - Business Success Stories Think With Google - KitKat Collaborates With YouTube Creators to Bring Mobile Game Crossy Road to Life eMoney - Bell Bank Improves Planning Efficiency With eMoney Landor - Reimaginging the Car Buying Experience New Relic - Winning a High-Stakes Game With Help From New Relic Pro Exhibits - Case Study: Blue Diamond Louisiana Economic Development - EA Searches for New Location to Ensure Highest Quality Product Prophet - Keurig Green Mountain Creative Bloq - Innocent Drinks TL;DR? Check out this Slideshare if you want a quick overview on developing case studies: Here are 50 awesome marketing case study examples to help guide the next one you write. What Does A Case Study Look Like? Next, take a look at some real-life samples, and learn what makes each one effective. Vega Case Study Sample Here's an example of a case study created for Vega, a customer specializing in premium plant-based lifestyle products. It makes it clear who they are and exactly how has improved their business. Red Bull Marketing Case Study Sample Red Bull is known for its amazing content marketing. This case study from Link Humans turns a typical blog post into a full-blown case study examining how the brand executes its wildly innovative strategy: Automotive Case Study Sample Why does this case study work? It’s about an automotive company, and it’s coming from one of the biggest family brands ever: Disney. It's also concise and to the point. There is no fluff that would distract the reader from the most important information. Plus, it helps Disney raise awareness of their corporate training programs. That's something most people probably don't know they offer, and so it's a great topic for a case study. Big-Box Store Case Study Sample Target is a big brand box store that is branching out  and trying new things to interact with its customers. This case study from TED landed on our highlight list for two reasons. It includes visually appealing images that reinforce the Target brand. The team at TED formatted the study for the web. It’s concise and chunked into skimmable paragraphs. Hotel Case Study Sample This case study from Hilton  is a great example of how a company can conduct a study on itself. This brief document is a perfect example of how to format a case study for easy printing. Do your case studies live up to these examples? How Should a Case Study Be Formatted? Generally, they may use one of the following formats: Downloadable PDF: This may be the most common. Website Page: Company websites will often include a section on customer stories. Slidedeck: Slide presentations can also be effective for this purpose. Videos: If you have the capability to shoot high-quality video, this may be another option. The information in your content is more important than the format. Here are all the elements you'll find in a typical case study: Title or Headline: Ideally, it should summarize the customer, their problem, and the result. Executive Summary: This is a one or two paragraph section summarizing the case study's contents. The Subject: Who is this about? Problem or Challenge: What did they have trouble accomplishing? Solution: How did your company or product resolve the issue or drive a benefit? Results: Use percentages if possible. 7 Steps To Writing a Strong Case Study The case study writing process includes several moving parts. However, by streamlining your workflow from start to finish, you can ensure no steps get missed.  Here are the seven steps this post will cover to get the job done. Writing a #marketing case study? Follow these seven steps. Step One: Finding the Subject of Your Case Study The first step in any case study writing process is deciding who you want to write about. It could be your organization, a client or a customer. Here are three criteria to consider: How much does the customer use your product or service? Have they experienced dramatic positive results that would make a good story? Did they switch to your product from a competitor? To find this information, consider: Talking to your sales team to see if there are any prospects who may be willing to participate. Asking your customer support department if they have any exceptional customers. Review recent new customers to see if any prospective candidates have bought from you. Writing a marketing case study? Do this first. Step Two: Ask For Permission to Use Their Story in Your Case Study It’s one thing if you’re writing about your organization, it’s another if you’re writing about customers or clients. Don’t just pull information about them and throw it into a case study. Ask them before you start. Create a Permission Letter If you are creating multiple case studies, design a pre-written permission letter. It will help move your writing process along. Your letter should include: What the case study undertaking is going to look like. What they get out of the case study. Here's a copy-and-paste template you can tailor to your needs: Hi [Name of person], Our team is conducting a case study, and we would love to tell the story of [company]. Would you be interested in working with us to create a case study around the use of our product? Here's a description of our  process  and what we would need  from you: What we’d like from you: High-resolution company logo (basically as big as possible) High-resolution images of your team, company office, etc - stories with photos of your team will drive more traffic (people like seeing that there are humans behind a story) Stats: before [Company] / after [Company] What does the process look like? 1 [phone/video call/coffee] interview with [person]. Our team will then take your interview and build a story out of it. 2-3 email conversations may be necessary to gather extra information. Once final draft is complete - we’ll send it over to your team for review. We’ll then finalize the story, create a landing page, and build a campaign around it. Once live we’ll share final story with you (for your marketing efforts) Average Turnaround Time: 1 month (subject to change based on response times and edits). What’s in it for you? Perk One Perk Two Perk Three Perk Four Perk Five Best regards, [SIGNATURE] Use this copy-and-paste template to ask your customers or clients to participate in your #marketing...Consider Using  a Legal Release Form Another potential step in the process is asking your case study subjects to sign a legal release form so you can use their information. You do not have to take this step in your case study creation process. If you do decide to have your subjects sign a form, consult with your legal team first. Writing a marketing case study? Make sure you have your subject's permission to share their... Step Three: Send Them An Introductory Questionnaire   Once your client or customer has agreed to participate, you should begin to format your introductory questionnaire. This questionnaire will help you get the information you need to shape the story of your case study. Some potential questions to include could be: What problem did you experience before using our product/service? Why did you select our product/service instead of a competitor? How did our product/service solve a problem you were experiencing? What are your goals as a business or organization? Are you comfortable sharing data and metrics demonstrating your success? You can adjust your questions based on how your customer uses your product to get specific answers or quotes that can be highlighted in your study. Recommended Reading: 40 Content Writing Tips to Make You a Better Marketer Now Step Four: Format Your Case Study Interview Questions Once your client or customer has completed your initial questionnaire, it’s time to draft your interview questions. Asking quality interview questions is critical to ensure that you get the information you need to write a full case study. Remember your clients or customers are busy,  so  you don’t want to have to ask for more details multiple times. Based on the responses that you  received from your initial questionnaire, you can adjust questions to get any additional information you need. Here are 25 case study questions to add to your interview. Getting To Know Your Subject These questions should be similar to the ones you sent in your questionnaire. These should help you gather any information you may have missed. Potential examples are: What industry is your company in? How long have you been using our product or service? What is your work process like? How many members are on your team? What goals do you set for your team? Here are five questions to ask when getting a know a new client for a case study project.What Problems Were They Experiencing? Your case study participants were obviously experiencing some problem before they turned to your organization for a solution. Give the readers of your case study, even more, context by getting as much information about their problem as possible. Some possible questions to include in your interview are: When did your team first realize there was a problem? What solutions did you try before you came to us? Did your problem happen suddenly or did it occur over time? How did the team come to the decision that outside assistance was required? What factors led to the problem developing? [Tweet "Writing a case study? Here are five questions to ask when identifying your subject's core problems." What Helped Them Make Their Decision? Finding out what helped your client or customer decide to work with your company is not only informative for potential new business, but it can help your organization determine what materials to publish. Try these questions out during your interview: What materials did you read or watch that influenced your decision? What criteria did you have when you were looking for a solution? What competitors did you look at (if any)? How did you convince your team to make a change? What sealed the deal for you when you choose to work with our organization? So ... why do your customers choose you, anyway? Get the answer by asking these five case study...How Does Your Solution Help? Talk to your customer or client and find out how your solution is helped them fix the problem that they were previously experiencing. Add these questions to your interview list: What [product/service] helped solve your problem? What did our product or service replace in your current work process? What tasks did our [product/service] simplify for you? How much time do you save? What tasks did our [product/service] eliminate? How does your product really help your customers? Ask these five questions to find out.How Did They Implement Your Product? Another relevant question to ask during your interview process is how your subject implemented your solution into their work process. This could help eliminate nerves from other potential new customers. Here are some questions to ask during your interview: How easily did your team adapt our product into their routine? How was your onboarding process? What process did you use to switch over to using our product? What difficulties did you face in the transition process? What advice do you have for anyone implementing our product into their work process? How are your customers using your product? Find out with these five questions.What Results Did They See? Results speak volumes so why not let your customer or client data do the talking for you? Remember that you may not be able to gather or showcase all the data you ask for. Try adding a few of these questions to your list of questions: How much faster are you at completing [task] now that you use our product? How did we help you reach your goals? Did you see any significant jumps in the data that your team collects? How has your productivity changed since implementing our [product/service]? What positive results have you seen? What results do your customers get from your product? Ask these five questions to get the answer.Want to keep these questions somewhere handy for reference? Save this cheat sheet: Step Five: Schedule the Interview You’ve found your subject, and your interview questions are at the ready. The next part of your process is going to involve setting up your interview. First, you need to set up a time for your interview on a synced calendar. Do This With : Did you know you can sync your Google Calendar with your calendar? Learn how. Then you need to decide how you’re going to conduct your interview. Here are some  options: Phone interview.  Use a phone call recording app like [Include some options here]. Make sure you have permission to record your call. Video call. If you’re using a Mac, Quicktime makes it easy to record video calls on your desktop for free. Windows users can use Skype. Face to face meeting. If your client is local, this may be the easiest and most personable option. Once you and your client/customer have decided on an interview time and place, make sure that you have a way to document your interview, either through a recording device or note taking (we highly recommend recording your conversation for accuracy and peace of mind). Here's how to set up an interview with a customer for your next case study project. Step Six: Write Your Case Study Finally, you have all of your information collected in one place. Now comes the fun part; putting it all together into the case study template you downloaded earlier. Writing  Your Title The first part of any good case study is a catchy title. Your title should include the name of your client or customer as well as their logo. Your subhead should also be short and included information on what product or service they used that helped them solve their problem.  In your template, add your title (and your subject's logo): What does a quality title look like? Well, it doesn't have to be complicated. It should: State who it's about. Explain what was done. Communicate a clear result. Take a look at this example from bit.ly: This title works because of it explains: The problem the company faced. What type of company is involved in the case study? How bit.ly helped them tackle the challenge. Do This With : Did you know that ’s Headline Analyzer  can help you write better headlines? Try it now. Executive Summary Your executive summary should be a two  to three  sentence paragraph that describes the story of your client/customer. You can also include a statistic or two to help illustrate the success of your case study subject. Here's what this section looks like in your template: Check out this executive summary example about Patagonia: Why This Works: The company's mission is clearly explained. It highlights the problem the company was experiencing. In the last sentence, the reader is told how the company solved that problem. Who is The Case Study About? The next part of your case study should explain who your case study is about. This is where the information that you gathered from your initial questionnaire would go. Here's what this section looks like in your template: To see what this section could look like  here is an example from Adobe and LinkedIn: Why This Works: Adobe's purpose is clearly established.   The reader is told exactly how Adobe used a LinkedIn service to solve a problem. It illustrates clear benefits of using LinkedIn's Sponsored Content. Problems They’ve Faced In this part of the study, write about the top two to three issues that your case study participant was experiencing. You should summarize what challenges they faced as well as their previous goals. Cirque de Soleil’s case study is a great example of address problems a company faces in a case study: Why This Works: The study cuts right to the heart of the problem. It mentions the specific part of the company that helped Cirque. There's no fluff. This copy gets to the point. How Did You Help? This section of your case study is going to show off the solutions that your customers and clients use. It should highlight the changes that you’ve brought to their team. Callaway Golf is another great example of a case study that explains how it’s researcher helped solve their problem. Why This Works: It shows people how LinkedIn has access to Callaway’s target demographic. The case study also explains how they created an app to help solve Callaway’s problem. While data can be challenging to understand, this example clearly explains relevant insights into Callaway’s target audience. Progress and Results The final section of your case study should feature the progress that has been made since your customer or client began to use your services. This could be shown through progress towards their goals, changes in metrics they track, and more. Here's what this section looks like in your template: Take a look at the results section of a case study from Contently on Weebly. Why This Works: The results are one of the most visuals aspects of the case study. They are easy to skim. You can easily tell what type of growth or improvement they experienced. Using Visuals In Your Case Study Visuals can help add the extra oomph you need to make a great case study. It can also help make the document easier to skim. Whether that means graphs, logos, or photos, visuals can make a huge difference. Here are a few extra resources to help you create solid visuals for your case study. Canva blog post  with 73 links to free stock photos. 7 tips on how to collaborate  with designers to create graphics. Do This In : You can manage projects and hold your team accountable to meeting deadlines with ? Learn how. Step Seven: Promoting Your Case Study Now, your case study is finally complete, and the customer has approved your work. Now what? You did all that work, don’t forget to get it out there for the world to see. Promote your case study by: Building a webpage  that hosts all of your case studies or customer testimonials. Including them in your email campaigns. Creating a social media campaign. The great thing about case studies is that they are an easy piece of marketing material to tack on to any additional campaign. Do This In : You can plan and promote all your content in one place with ? Learn how to create and schedule automated social media promo campaigns  in . Now Go Write An Awesome Case Study The fear of creating a compelling case study is gone. You have great examples to follow and two different templates to help you format the information you gather. We can’t wait to see what you come up with. Do you have a question or two about formatting case studies? Let us know in the comments below. How to Write a Powerful Case Study That Converts With 50 Examples Case studies are effective tools for converting leads into customers. They help establish your brand as a topical authority, demonstrate how your product solved a real problem for a customer, and help leads see how they could experience similar success with your services. What makes this such an effective content format? Consider the following points: They directly position your product as the best solution. Theres a lot of debate around whether or not content should directly sell products. In this case, the answer is yes. Your claims are backed up by real results. Who can argue with data from a real-life scenario? Not everyone is creating them. While blog posts are a dime a dozen, an effective customer story is much harder to duplicate. However, they take time and effort to put together. Fortunately, you can streamline the entire process with this post. It includes: Everything you need to know about doing effective research. A simple 7-step process for creating case studies from start to finish.   Tons of examples for inspiration and templates to save you time. Plus, like every type of content or marketing project out there, you can manage the entire workflow on one platform with . Table of Contents: Case Study Templates What is a Case Study? 50 Case Study Examples What Does a Case Study Look Like? Formatting 7 Steps to Writing a Case Study Step 1: Finding a Customer to Be Your Subject Step 2: Getting Their Permission Step 3: Creaing an Introductory Questionnaire Step 4: Format Your Case Study Interview Questions Step 5: Schedule the Interview Step 6: Write Your Case Study Step 7: Promoting Your Case StudyCreate Great Marketing Case Studies With Four Free Templates This can be a time-consuming process. So, grab this free template bundle to streamline your workflow. Here is everything it includes: Three Case Study Templates (Word): Use this Word template to create a case study youll either print or make available via PDF. Weve included three copies in green, red, and blue header colors. Three PowerPoint Templates: If you would prefer to create a slide deck or presentation, use this PowerPoint template. Its also available in three different color schemes. Case Study Template (Web): Use this template to write your case study content as a web page. How to Write a Powerful Case Study Fast With 50 Examples What Is A Case Study? According to Top Rank Blog, a case study is: â€Å"An analysis of a project, campaign or company that identifies a situation, recommended solutions, implementation actions and identification of those factors that contributed to failure or success.† Here's a case study video example from a brand you might even be drinking right now (if we had to guess, we'd say marketers love their Starbucks):50 Marketing Case Study Examples to Inspire Your Own If you’re looking for an example or two, check out this list of different marketing case studies. Patagonia - Patagonia Case Study American National - American National Case Study Garnier Music - Garnier Music Case Study CS2 Compliance - How CS2 Is Succeeding With Curata Mountain Equipment Co-Op - For Every $1 Spent, MEC Made $17 Cirque du Soleil - Evolving to Inspire a New Audience Roberts and Durkee - Case Study: How One Company's Thought-Leadership Content Is Driving New Business, Exposure Marvel Origins - â€Å"Marvel Origins† Campaign Case Study Instagram -  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Most Instagrammed Locations† Case Study Dell - Dell Nurture: Utilizing automation to create personalized customer experiences Adobe - Adobe raises brand awareness and captures the attention of hard-to-reach marketers with LinkedIn Sponsored Content Callaway Golf - Callaway Golf raises brand awareness with â€Å"Hit the Links† campaign on LinkedIn Groupon - For effective video ads, look beyond demographics to behavior and context Lime-a-Rita - 3 tips for making effective, hyper-relevant video ads at scale Clinique - Clinique Case Study Budweiser - Budweiser Influencer Marketing Case Study L’Oreal - Case Analysis: L'Oreal Paris Lyft - How using brand ads in unexpected ways drove higher installs for Lyft Neutrogena - Mobile case study: Neutrogena sun activated advertising Ryver - B2B Marketing: How team communication product Ryver started a Twitter war with Slack fans to drive a 20% increase in users Continental Office - B2B Marketing: Continental Office’s customer-first brand and website redesign increased traffic 103% Weebly - How Weebly Saved â€Å"a Million† Hours on Content Production and Achieved a 3X ROI Fender Musical Instruments - Fender Musical Instruments | American Standard Case Study Real Madrid FC - Connecting with 500 million passionate fans worldwide nPower -NPower Uses Priority-Based Scheduling to Set Clear Expectations George Institute - https://www.georgeinstitute.org/our-impact/case-study-how-a-lifesaving-sms-program-won-the-google-impact-challenge Intel - How Intel Used SimpleReach's Innovative Distribution Platform to Drive More Content Marketing Efficiencies Bitly - How One Ecommerce Brand Solved The OmniChannel Challenge With Bit.ly Campaigns Levi’s - Reclaiming the identity of a brand: A Levi's case study Fab - Fab Uses A/B Test to Improve Customer Shopping Experience - Discover How This Remote Team Saves 10+ Hours a Month on Content Marketing Ahrefs - How to Get High-Quality Backlinks With the TRUST Formula [Case Study] Sony - Leading the Digital Revolution Through Innovation Stanford - The Xbox Launch in Korea Oracle - ModCloth Speaks to Consumer Moods and Moments With Oracle Marketing Cloud Microsoft - Seattle Seahawks Play to Win With Smart Data and Intelligent Insights Canonical - Fing Snaps Up 30,000 Customers With a Secure, Future-Proof IoT Device Vox - How Vox.com Approaches Publishing on Facebook Amazon - AWS Case Study: Suncorp Atlassian - Delivering Technology-And Great Pizza-Faster TED - Target Case Study Apple - Business Success Stories Think With Google - KitKat Collaborates With YouTube Creators to Bring Mobile Game Crossy Road to Life eMoney - Bell Bank Improves Planning Efficiency With eMoney Landor - Reimaginging the Car Buying Experience New Relic - Winning a High-Stakes Game With Help From New Relic Pro Exhibits - Case Study: Blue Diamond Louisiana Economic Development - EA Searches for New Location to Ensure Highest Quality Product Prophet - Keurig Green Mountain Creative Bloq - Innocent Drinks TL;DR? Check out this Slideshare if you want a quick overview on developing case studies: Here are 50 awesome marketing case study examples to help guide the next one you write. What Does A Case Study Look Like? Next, take a look at some real-life samples, and learn what makes each one effective. Vega Case Study Sample Here's an example of a case study created for Vega, a customer specializing in premium plant-based lifestyle products. It makes it clear who they are and exactly how has improved their business. Red Bull Marketing Case Study Sample Red Bull is known for its amazing content marketing. This case study from Link Humans turns a typical blog post into a full-blown case study examining how the brand executes its wildly innovative strategy: Automotive Case Study Sample Why does this case study work? It’s about an automotive company, and it’s coming from one of the biggest family brands ever: Disney. It's also concise and to the point. There is no fluff that would distract the reader from the most important information. Plus, it helps Disney raise awareness of their corporate training programs. That's something most people probably don't know they offer, and so it's a great topic for a case study. Big-Box Store Case Study Sample Target is a big brand box store that is branching out  and trying new things to interact with its customers. This case study from TED landed on our highlight list for two reasons. It includes visually appealing images that reinforce the Target brand. The team at TED formatted the study for the web. It’s concise and chunked into skimmable paragraphs. Hotel Case Study Sample This case study from Hilton  is a great example of how a company can conduct a study on itself. This brief document is a perfect example of how to format a case study for easy printing. Do your case studies live up to these examples? How Should a Case Study Be Formatted? Generally, they may use one of the following formats: Downloadable PDF: This may be the most common. Website Page: Company websites will often include a section on customer stories. Slidedeck: Slide presentations can also be effective for this purpose. Videos: If you have the capability to shoot high-quality video, this may be another option. The information in your content is more important than the format. Here are all the elements you'll find in a typical case study: Title or Headline: Ideally, it should summarize the customer, their problem, and the result. Executive Summary: This is a one or two paragraph section summarizing the case study's contents. The Subject: Who is this about? Problem or Challenge: What did they have trouble accomplishing? Solution: How did your company or product resolve the issue or drive a benefit? Results: Use percentages if possible. 7 Steps To Writing a Strong Case Study The case study writing process includes several moving parts. However, by streamlining your workflow from start to finish, you can ensure no steps get missed.  Here are the seven steps this post will cover to get the job done. Writing a #marketing case study? Follow these seven steps. Step One: Finding the Subject of Your Case Study The first step in any case study writing process is deciding who you want to write about. It could be your organization, a client or a customer. Here are three criteria to consider: How much does the customer use your product or service? Have they experienced dramatic positive results that would make a good story? Did they switch to your product from a competitor? To find this information, consider: Talking to your sales team to see if there are any prospects who may be willing to participate. Asking your customer support department if they have any exceptional customers. Review recent new customers to see if any prospective candidates have bought from you. Writing a marketing case study? Do this first. Step Two: Ask For Permission to Use Their Story in Your Case Study It’s one thing if you’re writing about your organization, it’s another if you’re writing about customers or clients. Don’t just pull information about them and throw it into a case study. Ask them before you start. Create a Permission Letter If you are creating multiple case studies, design a pre-written permission letter. It will help move your writing process along. Your letter should include: What the case study undertaking is going to look like. What they get out of the case study. Here's a copy-and-paste template you can tailor to your needs: Hi [Name of person], Our team is conducting a case study, and we would love to tell the story of [company]. Would you be interested in working with us to create a case study around the use of our product? Here's a description of our  process  and what we would need  from you: What we’d like from you: High-resolution company logo (basically as big as possible) High-resolution images of your team, company office, etc - stories with photos of your team will drive more traffic (people like seeing that there are humans behind a story) Stats: before [Company] / after [Company] What does the process look like? 1 [phone/video call/coffee] interview with [person]. Our team will then take your interview and build a story out of it. 2-3 email conversations may be necessary to gather extra information. Once final draft is complete - we’ll send it over to your team for review. We’ll then finalize the story, create a landing page, and build a campaign around it. Once live we’ll share final story with you (for your marketing efforts) Average Turnaround Time: 1 month (subject to change based on response times and edits). What’s in it for you? Perk One Perk Two Perk Three Perk Four Perk Five Best regards, [SIGNATURE] Use this copy-and-paste template to ask your customers or clients to participate in your #marketing...Consider Using  a Legal Release Form Another potential step in the process is asking your case study subjects to sign a legal release form so you can use their information. You do not have to take this step in your case study creation process. If you do decide to have your subjects sign a form, consult with your legal team first. Writing a marketing case study? Make sure you have your subject's permission to share their... Step Three: Send Them An Introductory Questionnaire   Once your client or customer has agreed to participate, you should begin to format your introductory questionnaire. This questionnaire will help you get the information you need to shape the story of your case study. Some potential questions to include could be: What problem did you experience before using our product/service? Why did you select our product/service instead of a competitor? How did our product/service solve a problem you were experiencing? What are your goals as a business or organization? Are you comfortable sharing data and metrics demonstrating your success? You can adjust your questions based on how your customer uses your product to get specific answers or quotes that can be highlighted in your study. Recommended Reading: 40 Content Writing Tips to Make You a Better Marketer Now Step Four: Format Your Case Study Interview Questions Once your client or customer has completed your initial questionnaire, it’s time to draft your interview questions. Asking quality interview questions is critical to ensure that you get the information you need to write a full case study. Remember your clients or customers are busy,  so  you don’t want to have to ask for more details multiple times. Based on the responses that you  received from your initial questionnaire, you can adjust questions to get any additional information you need. Here are 25 case study questions to add to your interview. Getting To Know Your Subject These questions should be similar to the ones you sent in your questionnaire. These should help you gather any information you may have missed. Potential examples are: What industry is your company in? How long have you been using our product or service? What is your work process like? How many members are on your team? What goals do you set for your team? Here are five questions to ask when getting a know a new client for a case study project.What Problems Were They Experiencing? Your case study participants were obviously experiencing some problem before they turned to your organization for a solution. Give the readers of your case study, even more, context by getting as much information about their problem as possible. Some possible questions to include in your interview are: When did your team first realize there was a problem? What solutions did you try before you came to us? Did your problem happen suddenly or did it occur over time? How did the team come to the decision that outside assistance was required? What factors led to the problem developing? [Tweet "Writing a case study? Here are five questions to ask when identifying your subject's core problems." What Helped Them Make Their Decision? Finding out what helped your client or customer decide to work with your company is not only informative for potential new business, but it can help your organization determine what materials to publish. Try these questions out during your interview: What materials did you read or watch that influenced your decision? What criteria did you have when you were looking for a solution? What competitors did you look at (if any)? How did you convince your team to make a change? What sealed the deal for you when you choose to work with our organization? So ... why do your customers choose you, anyway? Get the answer by asking these five case study...How Does Your Solution Help? Talk to your customer or client and find out how your solution is helped them fix the problem that they were previously experiencing. Add these questions to your interview list: What [product/service] helped solve your problem? What did our product or service replace in your current work process? What tasks did our [product/service] simplify for you? How much time do you save? What tasks did our [product/service] eliminate? How does your product really help your customers? Ask these five questions to find out.How Did They Implement Your Product? Another relevant question to ask during your interview process is how your subject implemented your solution into their work process. This could help eliminate nerves from other potential new customers. Here are some questions to ask during your interview: How easily did your team adapt our product into their routine? How was your onboarding process? What process did you use to switch over to using our product? What difficulties did you face in the transition process? What advice do you have for anyone implementing our product into their work process? How are your customers using your product? Find out with these five questions.What Results Did They See? Results speak volumes so why not let your customer or client data do the talking for you? Remember that you may not be able to gather or showcase all the data you ask for. Try adding a few of these questions to your list of questions: How much faster are you at completing [task] now that you use our product? How did we help you reach your goals? Did you see any significant jumps in the data that your team collects? How has your productivity changed since implementing our [product/service]? What positive results have you seen? What results do your customers get from your product? Ask these five questions to get the answer.Want to keep these questions somewhere handy for reference? Save this cheat sheet: Step Five: Schedule the Interview You’ve found your subject, and your interview questions are at the ready. The next part of your process is going to involve setting up your interview. First, you need to set up a time for your interview on a synced calendar. Do This With : Did you know you can sync your Google Calendar with your calendar? Learn how. Then you need to decide how you’re going to conduct your interview. Here are some  options: Phone interview.  Use a phone call recording app like [Include some options here]. Make sure you have permission to record your call. Video call. If you’re using a Mac, Quicktime makes it easy to record video calls on your desktop for free. Windows users can use Skype. Face to face meeting. If your client is local, this may be the easiest and most personable option. Once you and your client/customer have decided on an interview time and place, make sure that you have a way to document your interview, either through a recording device or note taking (we highly recommend recording your conversation for accuracy and peace of mind). Here's how to set up an interview with a customer for your next case study project. Step Six: Write Your Case Study Finally, you have all of your information collected in one place. Now comes the fun part; putting it all together into the case study template you downloaded earlier. Writing  Your Title The first part of any good case study is a catchy title. Your title should include the name of your client or customer as well as their logo. Your subhead should also be short and included information on what product or service they used that helped them solve their problem.  In your template, add your title (and your subject's logo): What does a quality title look like? Well, it doesn't have to be complicated. It should: State who it's about. Explain what was done. Communicate a clear result. Take a look at this example from bit.ly: This title works because of it explains: The problem the company faced. What type of company is involved in the case study? How bit.ly helped them tackle the challenge. Do This With : Did you know that ’s Headline Analyzer  can help you write better headlines? Try it now. Executive Summary Your executive summary should be a two  to three  sentence paragraph that describes the story of your client/customer. You can also include a statistic or two to help illustrate the success of your case study subject. Here's what this section looks like in your template: Check out this executive summary example about Patagonia: Why This Works: The company's mission is clearly explained. It highlights the problem the company was experiencing. In the last sentence, the reader is told how the company solved that problem. Who is The Case Study About? The next part of your case study should explain who your case study is about. This is where the information that you gathered from your initial questionnaire would go. Here's what this section looks like in your template: To see what this section could look like  here is an example from Adobe and LinkedIn: Why This Works: Adobe's purpose is clearly established.   The reader is told exactly how Adobe used a LinkedIn service to solve a problem. It illustrates clear benefits of using LinkedIn's Sponsored Content. Problems They’ve Faced In this part of the study, write about the top two to three issues that your case study participant was experiencing. You should summarize what challenges they faced as well as their previous goals. Cirque de Soleil’s case study is a great example of address problems a company faces in a case study: Why This Works: The study cuts right to the heart of the problem. It mentions the specific part of the company that helped Cirque. There's no fluff. This copy gets to the point. How Did You Help? This section of your case study is going to show off the solutions that your customers and clients use. It should highlight the changes that you’ve brought to their team. Callaway Golf is another great example of a case study that explains how it’s researcher helped solve their problem. Why This Works: It shows people how LinkedIn has access to Callaway’s target demographic. The case study also explains how they created an app to help solve Callaway’s problem. While data can be challenging to understand, this example clearly explains relevant insights into Callaway’s target audience. Progress and Results The final section of your case study should feature the progress that has been made since your customer or client began to use your services. This could be shown through progress towards their goals, changes in metrics they track, and more. Here's what this section looks like in your template: Take a look at the results section of a case study from Contently on Weebly. Why This Works: The results are one of the most visuals aspects of the case study. They are easy to skim. You can easily tell what type of growth or improvement they experienced. Using Visuals In Your Case Study Visuals can help add the extra oomph you need to make a great case study. It can also help make the document easier to skim. Whether that means graphs, logos, or photos, visuals can make a huge difference. Here are a few extra resources to help you create solid visuals for your case study. Canva blog post  with 73 links to free stock photos. 7 tips on how to collaborate  with designers to create graphics. Do This In : You can manage projects and hold your team accountable to meeting deadlines with ? Learn how. Step Seven: Promoting Your Case Study Now, your case study is finally complete, and the customer has approved your work. Now what? You did all that work, don’t forget to get it out there for the world to see. Promote your case study by: Building a webpage  that hosts all of your case studies or customer testimonials. Including them in your email campaigns. Creating a social media campaign. The great thing about case studies is that they are an easy piece of marketing material to tack on to any additional campaign. Do This In : You can plan and promote all your content in one place with ? Learn how to create and schedule automated social media promo campaigns  in . Now Go Write An Awesome Case Study The fear of creating a compelling case study is gone. You have great examples to follow and two different templates to help you format the information you gather. We can’t wait to see what you come up with. Do you have a question or two about formatting case studies? Let us know in the comments below.

Red Cedar Redevelopment Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Red Cedar Redevelopment Project - Research Paper Example Creating eco-friendly nature trails, paths and social infrastructure such as sitting places in Parks, play grounds for children, restaurants and a movie theatre for entertainment. Another activity involves the development of passive recreation activities such as playing chess and active events such as golfing and baseball games. Zone 3 focuses on play, work, and comfortable living. The redevelopment activities proposed will include the provision of an active, welcoming social and urban environment. This will be provided through the construction of ample parking, the unity of cultures, integration of cultural values and education into the entire environmental aspects. Zone 4 will concentrate on modernizing the streetscapes. This will be achieved through making the area welcoming, dense/urban and vibrant. Urbanisation will be achieved through the construction of first-floor commercial and residential buildings to rival the current generational building structures. A variety of pedestri an friendly setbacks with ample space for social events will be included in the redevelopment plan. The redevelopment plan advocates and will use modern construction materials to achieve state of art status of the buildings and other structures to be erected. In addition, the redeveloped facilities will use art and multi-sensory experiences to attract the public to the golf course and other facilities in the town. These four zones describe the geography of the site. The community vision and values transcend the site’s redevelopment.

Roundtable discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Roundtable discussion - Essay Example The poem chosen is â€Å"The Unicorn† by Isaac Rosenberg. This poem is moving, describing the nature of insanity in combat. The man, a commander, is talking to a woman, Lilith. The poem describes how the commander is thinking about the women and children caught in the combat. He is delusional, imagining that a unicorn is taking them to the afterlife. The commander muses that the women dying are innocents. Rosenberg writes women are being killed â€Å"By men misused, flying from misuse (215). All the bombs, fear of death, and horrors make the man hallucinate about the Unicorn taking away the innocents and even him in the end. The date of â€Å"The Unicorn† is unknown, but written after World War I. During and right after World War I, people did not understand the effects of Shellshock. Bhattacharjee reports that â€Å"even at a distance, explosions might cause lasting damage to the brain† (206). This could have caused the commander’s delusions. Writing poetry was one way to express Shellshock to people who did not understand. Even famous American Generals, who were battle-hardened. George S. Patton called these men â€Å"cowards†, and even went so far as to slap one man, dragging him out of the medical tent (Axelrod and Clark, pg. 115). The commander of â€Å"The Unicorn† probably would have preferred to ride away on a unicorn in death, than being faced with court martial and ridicule. There was no one to turn to when suffering from Shellshock, except the delusions of angels and demons. Poetry was a way to express emotions about shellshock, no one else wanted to hear at the time. However, all of the poems are useful today. These poems can help people understand the men from World War I. They were not traitors, but heroes doing their best under the

Case6 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case6 - Article Example For this reason, the state has encouraged several new fund-raising suggestions, including the one advanced by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. He has tried to find new firefighting funds with an insurance surcharge on all home and business owners that would likely raise $130 million extra yearly. Some of the cash will be used to cover the cost the state’s fire department called Cal-Fire This is a general alternative that the state would have to finance state services in California because since Cal-Fire’s budget comes widely from the state’s general fund incurred by all California’s taxpayers. According to San Diego senator, Christine Kehoe, the citizens are not paying enough for fire protection and argue that frenzied buildings in rural areas increase the burden of state of firefighters. In this regard, the senator has introduced a bill in the state legislature similar to what the LAO is proposing an annual fee paid by resident who live in rural areas to help offset the cost of firefighting. CalFire’s mission has changed as well. The service is mandated with protecting 31 million acres of wild land which includes the states timber stands, watershed and huge agriculture lands. CalFire protects lands that benefit the public in general. I agree with the sentiment that fire fighting could be financed by tax. The local government of respective states should introduce tax on people so that whenever fires break out, it can be easily contained because of the availability of fire fighting resources. It is rational to argue that if there was a taxpayer staying in the place with no or little risk of a fire or wildfire, they should be able to pay for services if a fire or wildfire was close their home. If this could be the case, I think that Tennessee could get ways to utilize those funds to enhance firefighting in where they lack the resources. I concur with the argument that If a charge for service was introduced, it would have to be conducted

Process Of Encoding And Decoding English Language Essay

Process Of Encoding And Decoding English Language Essay The main purpose of any classroom teaching in English is to improve the communicative abilities of the learners. To improve the communicative abilities, the classroom teaching has to be necessarily skill oriented. English language is widely used for communication purposes and so competence in language skills has become necessary to improve the communicative abilities specially listening, speaking, reading and writing (LSRW). Among these four skills, both listening and reading are called as receptive skills or passive skills and the other two skills, namely speaking and writing are called as productive skills or active skills. It is important to note that these skills are interconnected in order to achieve the overall objectives of communication. Every thing takes place and develops within the linguistic, cultural and social boundaries of the concerned society in which the particular language is spoken. It is the curriculum, syllabus; text book, teaching methodologies under the efficient functioning of the teacher in the classroom, those students are shaped in communicative competence. 2.4.1 Listening Skills Listening is the capacity to process information coming from an aural source. Such information is first filtered by the perceptual processes of the listener and absorbed into the short-term memory. Selected information is then stored into the long-term memory for retrieval at a later stage, if and when required. Listening is the first and foremost language mode that children acquire which provides the basis for the other language arts (Lundsteen, 1979). The activity of listening plays an important role in the process of acquiring/learning language whether it is first or second language. The linguistic items like phonemes, morphemes, lexical items, grammatical items, syntax and semantics are taught to listen in order to develop other modes of language viz; speaking, reading and writing. Listening is a conscious act. It is a complex, multi step process by which spoken language is converted into meaning in the mind (Lundsteen, 1979.1) Wolvin and Coakly (1985) have identified three steps in the process of listening which are receiving, attending and assigning meaning. In the first step, listeners receive the aural stimuli or the combined aural and visual stimuli presented by the speaker. In the second step, listeners focus on or attend to select stimuli while ignoring other distracting stimuli in the classroom. In the third step, listeners assign meaning to or understand the speakers message. The Process of Encoding and Decoding An act of communication requires encoder- the speaker and decoder- the listener. The speaker encodes the concept or message through a set of code. The listener decodes the concept or message from the set of code used by the speaker. That is, on the one hand, the act of encoding involves hearing the sounds into words, words into sentences, sentences into discourses. On the other hand, the act of decoding involves identifying the sounds, understanding the utterances and their meanings, and recognizing the prosodic features like tone, intonation, pitch, stress etc. used by the speaker. Listening comprehensive process Richards (1990) draws two way process of listening comprehension; top-down and bottom-up processing. In top-down processing, the listener gets an overall or general view of the text. This is facilitated in the listeners schemata allow him/her to have appropriate expectations of what he/she is going to come across. In bottom-up processing, on the other hand the listener focuses on individual words and phrases and achieves understanding by putting the detailed elements together to build up a whole (Harmer 2001). According to Harmer it is useful to see acts of listening texts as interactions between top-down and bottom-up processing. The Speaker-Listener Polarity For the effective exchange of information, both the speaker and the listener are expected to be equipped with the competence of the language which is used. That is, the same level of competence is expected from the listener and the speaker as well. Any short- coming in the linguistic competence of the listener or the speaker would affect the communication. So, both the polarities should be more or less equally equipped with the linguistic competence of that language for effective and efficient communication. Types of Listening Cralvin (1985) (as cited by Chidambaram, (2005) has identified eight categories of listening with due general purpose. Translational listening-learning new information (speeches, debates, political conventions). International listening-recognizing personal component of message (new pieces of speech, report). Critical listening- evaluating reasoning and evidence (news broadcast). Recreational listening- approaching random or integrated aspects or event. Listening for appreciation- information, making critical discriminations or selection. Selective listening- Selecting certain features at a time (phonetic features) Intensive listening- for details (vocabulary, grammar) Extensive listening- (general idea stories, rhymes, songs). Relationship between Speaking and Listening Speaking and listening are interdependent processes. The activity of speaking requires at least a listener, an individual or an audience. The speaker speaks keeping certain objectives in his or her mind. That is, speaking involves conveying meaning using a code and listening involves understanding the meaning with the help of code the speaker used. If it is a transaction, one way listening, the speaker does not receive feedback, but if it is interaction, two- way listening the speaker receives feedback for the listener. In transactional or conversational discourse, sending-receiving and receiving-sending are alternative phenomena. Purpose of Listening While listening to various texts, one applies different skills to process the text, depending on the purposes for which one is listening. Listening is the only medium through which one access the sounds of a language and all the supra segmental features of the language, such as tone, pitch, stress, pause, etc. Hence, listening is a pre-requisite for speaking and at a later stage, for reading. Without knowing how a language sounds, one cannot engage confidently in speaking in the language, and without knowing how the sound patterns of the language function, reading its graphics serves little purpose. Teaching discriminative listening helps the learner to comprehend the language. Listening can be a major source of pleasure and relaxation. Listening to the sounds in nature can be very soothing. Listening to someone reading stories aloud or poem is a pleasurable activity. Listening is also an important social skill. People listen to allow a speaker to talk through a problem. Children, as well as adults, serve as a systematic listener for friends and family members. Sub-Skills of Listening Each skill of language comprises a large number of sub skills, whose value and relevance vary from one situation to another. Rosts (1990) has distinguished two kinds of clusters of micro skills of listening. Enabling skills (those employed in order to perceive what the speaker is saying and to interpret what they intended to mean) and Enacting skills (those employed to respond appropriately to the message). Enabling Skills Perception Recognizing prominence within utterances, including: Discriminating sounds in words, especially phonemic contrasts. Discriminating strong and weak forms, phonetic change at word boundaries. Identifying use of stress and pitch (information units, emphasis, etc). Interpretation Formulating content sense of utterance, including: Deducing the meaning of unfamiliar words. Inferring implicit information. Inferring links between propositions. Enacting Skills Making an appropriate response including: Transcoding information into written form. Identifying which points need classification. Integrating information with other sources. Providing appropriate feedback to the speaker (Adapted from Rost, 1990. 152 153). (As cited by Chidambaram, 2005). Difficult Factors in Listening There are five major factors that researchers believe affect listening comprehension. Text characteristics (Variation in a listening passage / text or associated visual support. Interlocutor characteristics (Variation in the speakers personal characteristics. Task Characteristics (Variation in the purpose for listening and associated response). Listener Characteristics (Variation in the listeners cognitive activities and in the nature of the interaction between speaker and listener). Teaching Listening Comprehension Listening comprehension involves a number of language skills, though the listening may be the specific focus. Teaching listening can be categorized into two modes. The first one is teaching linguistic nuances like phonemic variations, discrimination of similar sounds in words, recognizing word boundaries, recognizing morphemes, distinguishing grammatical and lexical items in a sentence, etc. The second one is teaching how to listen to a context, how to deduce meaning for an unfamiliar word, how to recognize them over a discourse. These two modes are important and inseparable for teaching of listening comprehension. If any shortcoming is found in teaching of either of this mode, its consequences will be seen in other skills of language. Testing listening skills Listening tasks should aim at helping students arrive at the meaning of words and provoking an examination of the given material. The test items include: Dialogue, news, railway announcement, sentence, words, word pairs, numbers, telephone numbers, years, days were used to test listening comprehension of the students understudy. These test items aim at evaluating the ability and skills of listening such as: predicting text based on information, deducing meaning of unfamiliar words, recognizing prominence with in utterance including: Discriminating sounds in words especially phonemic contrasts, phonetic changes, deducing the meaning of unfamiliar words, recognizing grammatical errors in sentences, recognizing word boundaries, etc,. Conclusion Here, the emphasis is on the importance of addressing the differences between spoken and written texts in the teaching of listening skills. It is only when learners are aware of the unique characteristics of authentic listening input that they can be equipped with the skills to handle real life communication. 2.4.2 Speaking Skills Language is the basic form of communication between human beings and in a society. As human beings, they always need communication to express their ideas to do everything; whats more as students or learners they have to speak to express their ideas to their teacher as long as learning process takes place. Speech is the first and foremost form of communication. It occupies a predominant position in enlightening the minds of the people. Information is understood and processed easily through speech rather than writing. Speech is biologically endowed behaviour of human beings. Spoken language has wider range of functions to perform than the written language. They start from casual spontaneous conversations ending with formal speeches and so on. Written language tends to serve rather specialized functions at the formal level. In the process of learning spoken mode of second language, learner encounters difficulties because of inter and intra-lingual factors, language shock, cultural shock and so on. However, difficulties and problems are inevitable in the process of learning spoken or written mode of the L2. Process of Communication Communication is a process of exchanging verbal and non-verbal messages. It is continuous process. This process can be termed as human communication or oral communication. The activities of the communication maintain eco-balance, co-operation, and tolerance and bring the people in a common line. The complete communication process is the hierarchical arrangement of the various components of communication. They are as follows: Intended message Encoder Signals Decoder The received message Feedback Message is the key idea that the sender wants to communicate. Messages can be abstract ideas and feelings of speaker who wishes to communicate. Encoder is a person who sends the message in the form of words and gestures. Signal is a means used to exchange or transmit the message in the form of the mechanical impulse. Channel is the medium through which a signal travels. Decoder is a person for whom the message is intended/aimed. Decoder receives communication signals into meaning and ideas. Received message is the result of decoding communication signals. Feedback helps the sender in confirming the correct interpretation of message by the decoder. Psychologically speaking after receiving the message, the nervous system of the receiver is activated and subsequently interpreted and appropriate meanings are assigned to the received codes to make the communication process complete. Communicative Competence The term communicative competence is coined by the anthropological linguist Dell Hymes (1967, 1972). Light (1997. 63 ) has described communicative competence as Being able to meet the changing demands and to fulfill ones communication goals across the life span. Communicative competence is the ability to send messages which promote attainment of goals while maintaining social acceptability. The term all modes of communication'(Hymes, 1962) can further be explained as the language competence that has total comprehension, and total verbal exposition in all modes of society, which includes group interactions inter-personal interaction involving different dialectal areas. As it is evident from the above, one thinks of two different types of competence, namely grammatical competence and communicative competence. Grammatical competence is the ability to recognize and to produce distinctive grammatical structures of a language and to use them effectively in communication. Whereas, the communicative competence can be achieved by exposing oneself both to the structure of the language as well as the social behaviour which pivots around certain conventional rules as put forth by the society. Teaching/Learning Speaking Effective communication depends on ones ability to express oneself in speech clearly, accurately and fluently. The development of spoken language involves the development of pragmatic usage in addition to the development of pronunciation, constructing words, phrases, sentences and discourses. Discourse in learning of second language plays a vital role. The stages of learning the speaking skills of L2 are same as learning of speaking L1. The problems encountered by the learners in the process of learning subtle, and detailed knowledge, show the gradual development of spoken language. The purpose of learning the second language fulfills when the learners use language with the real people for real purpose. Communication Strategy Zheng (2004) suggests that communication strategies are feasible and to some extent inevitable for language learners to use in their oral communication. These strategies can enhance language learners confidence, flexibility and effectiveness in oral communication. Tarone (1980. 420; 1983.65) defines communication strategies as a mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on a meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures do not seem to be shared. In addition, Canale (1983) and Bygate (2000) argue that communication strategies are used not only to cope with any language related problems of which the speaker is aware during the course of communication, but also to enhance the effectiveness of communication even if there is no problem or difficulty involved in an oral communication. Thus, it can be said that communication strategies are commonly used not only to bridge the gaps between the linguistic and sociolinguistic knowledge of the second language learners and those of the interlocutors in any communication situation but also to keep their talk flowing within their available linguistic knowledge, and eventually manage their oral communication. And also the learners adopt the strategies wherever they encounter problems at all the levels of language like phonological, morphological, syntactical and discourse. Cook (2001) says communication strategy of L2 learners will enhance the learning; and the learners strategy indicates that the learners are encountering the linguistic problems in the process of learning. The learners knowingly or unknowingly use the intra and inter lingual strategies to convey their message to others. By using the strategy they get satisfaction, assuring that they have conveyed the meaning completely to the questions by the researcher. Learning Strategy Learning strategies are defined by Oxford and Crookall as Steps taken by the learners to aid the acquisition, storage and retrieval of information (404). Strategic competence is the way learners manipulate language in order to meet communicative goals (Brown, 1994, 228). It is the ability to compensate for imperfect knowledge of linguistic, sociolinguistic, and discourse rules (Berns, 1990). With reference to speaking, strategic competence refers to the ability to know when and how to take the floor, how to keep a conversation going, how to terminate the conversation, and how to clear up communication breakdown as well as comprehension problems. The strategy of learning differs from learner to learner. However Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²malley and Chamot (1990) have defined three types of strategy used by L2 students: Meta cognitive strategies which involve planning and thinking about learning, such as planning ones learning, monitoring ones own speech or writing and evaluating how well one has done. Cognitive strategies which involve conscious ways of tackling learning, such as note taking, resourcing (using dictionaries and other resources) and elaboration (relating new information to old). Social strategies mean learning by interacting with others. Such as working with fellow students or asking the teachers help. Strategy process Language processing involves the retrieval of words and phrases from memory and their assembly into syntactically and propositionally appropriate sequences. Effective speakers need to be able to process language in their heads and put in coherent order so that it comes out in forms that are comprehensible and convey intended meaning. Process being used with reference to the systematic series of steps by which the learner arrives at the same usage overtime. Bialy Stock (1978) distinguishes process from strategies by the criteria obligatory/optional. Similar criteria are used by Fravefelder and Porqurer (1979) who classify process as universal, strategies as optional mechanism employed by individual L2 learners. Other researchers also defined process as continuing development involving a number of changes. Testing Speaking In second language research, a great deal of attention has been paid to related area of communicative behaviour. So, this part of the chapter concentrates on communication strategies of the L2 learners. Here, it is a tactic followed by the learners to conceal a gap in their communication. Hence, it is a test given to identify when and how the learners make use of such strategies in speech.